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How Much Did The Pentagon Repair Cost

Written By Sunday, April 10, 2022 Add Comment Edit

United states Department of Defence headquarters in Virginia

This article is near the headquarters of the U.s.a. Section of Defense. For the shape, see Pentagon. For other uses, see Pentagon (disambiguation).

The Pentagon
The Pentagon, cropped square.png

Aeriform view in 2022 from above the Potomac River
General data
Architectural style Classical Revival, Mod Motion, Stripped Classicism
Location Richmond Hwy./VA 110 at I-395, Arlington, Virginia
Coordinates 38°52′15″Due north 77°03′xviii″W  /  38.87083°North 77.05500°W  / 38.87083; -77.05500 Coordinates: 38°52′15″Northward 77°03′18″Due west  /  38.87083°N 77.05500°Westward  / 38.87083; -77.05500
Construction started 11 September 1941 (1941-09-xi)
Completed xv January 1943 (1943-01-fifteen)
Cost $83 million (equivalent to $1.14 billion in 2022)[1]
Owner Section of Defense
Acme
Roof 77 ft (23 k)[ii]
Technical details
Flooring count seven (2 secret)
Floor area 6,636,360 sq ft (620,000 thousand2)
Design and construction
Architect George Bergstrom
David J. Witmer
Main contractor John McShain, Inc.
Other information
Parking 67 acres (27 ha)

Pentagon Office Building Complex

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Virginia Landmarks Register
NRHP referenceNo. 89000932[iii]
VLRNo. 000-0072
Meaning dates
Added to NRHP 27 July 1988
Designated VLR xviii April 1989[4]

The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United states of america Department of Defence force. It was constructed on an accelerated schedule during Globe State of war II. Every bit a symbol of the U.S. armed forces, the phrase The Pentagon is often used every bit a metonym for the Department of Defense force and its leadership.

Located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., the edifice was designed by American builder George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain. Basis was broken on 11 September 1941, and the edifice was dedicated on 15 Jan 1943. General Brehon Somervell provided the major impetus to gain Congressional approval for the project;[v] Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U.Due south. Army Corps of Engineers, which supervised information technology.

The Pentagon is the world's largest office edifice, with about half dozen.v×10 ^ 6 sq ft (150 acres; 60 ha) of floor space, of which 3.7×10 ^ 6 sq ft (85 acres; 34 ha) are used as offices.[6] [vii] Some 23,000 war machine and civilian employees,[seven] and some other iii,000 not-defence support personnel, work in the Pentagon. It has 5 sides, v floors in a higher place footing, 2 basement levels, and 5 ring corridors per floor with a full of 17.v mi (28.2 km)[7] of corridors. The central five-acre (2.0 ha) pentagonal plaza is nicknamed "ground zero" on the presumption that it would exist a prime target in a nuclear state of war.[8]

In 2001, the Pentagon was damaged during the September 11 attacks. V al-Qaeda hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the western side of the building, killing themselves and 184 others: 59 on the airplane and 125 in the Pentagon.[ix] It was the first significant foreign attack on Washington's governmental facilities since the city was burned by the British during the War of 1812. Following the attacks, the western side of the building was repaired, with a small-scale indoor memorial and chapel added at the point of impact. An outdoor memorial dedicated to the Pentagon victims of ix/xi opened in 2008.

As of July 2020[update], Pentagon tours have been suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[ten]

Layout and facilities [edit]

The Pentagon building spans 28.7 acres (116,000 grand2), and includes an additional 5.1 acres (21,000 one thousand2) as a central courtyard.[11]

Starting with the northward side and moving clockwise, its five façade entrances are the Mall Terrace, the River Terrace, the Concourse (or Metro Station), the South Parking, and the Heliport.[12] On the north side of the building, the Mall Archway, which too features a portico, leads out to a 600 ft-long (180 grand) terrace that is used for ceremonies. The River Archway, which features a portico projecting out 20 ft (6 thou), is on the northeast side, overlooking the lagoon and facing Washington. A stepped terrace on the River Entrance leads downward to the lagoon; and a landing dock was used until the belatedly 1960s to ferry personnel between Bolling Air Force Base and the Pentagon.[xi] The principal entrance for visitors is on the southeast side, as are the Pentagon Metro station and the bus station.

There is also a concourse on the southeast side of the 2d floor of the building, which contains a mini-shopping mall. The south parking lot adjoins the southwest façade, and the due west side of the Pentagon faces Washington Boulevard.

The concentric rings are designated from the centre out every bit "A" through "Eastward" (with additional "F" and "G" rings in the basement). "Eastward" Ring offices are the only ones with exterior views and are mostly occupied by senior officials. Office numbers go clockwise around each of the rings, and have two parts: a nearest-corridor number (i to 10), followed past a bay number (00 to 99), then office numbers range from 100 to 1099. These corridors radiate out from the fundamental courtyard, with corridor ane starting time with the Concourse's southward end. Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered grouping of offices (for example, corridor 5 divides the 500 series office block). In that location are a number of historical displays in the edifice, specially in the "A" and "East" rings.[ commendation needed ]

Subterranean floors in the Pentagon are lettered "B" for Basement and "1000" for Mezzanine. The concourse is on the second floor at the Metro entrance. Above-footing floors are numbered 1 to v. Room numbers are given as the floor, concentric ring, and office number (which is in turn the nearest corridor number followed past the bay number). Thus, part 2B315 is on the second flooring, B band, and nearest to corridor 3 (betwixt corridors ii and 3). One way to get to this office would be to go to the second flooring, get to the A (innermost) band, go to and take corridor 3, and then turn left on ring B to get to bay 15.[13]

It is possible for a person to walk between any ii points in the Pentagon in less than x minutes.[xiv] [15] [xvi] The complex includes eating and exercise facilities, and meditation and prayer rooms.

Only southward of the Pentagon are Pentagon Metropolis and Crystal City, extensive shopping, business organisation, and high-density residential districts in Arlington. Arlington National Cemetery is to the north. The Pentagon is surrounded by the relatively complex Pentagon route network.[17]

The Pentagon has six Washington, DC, Goose egg Codes (despite its location in Virginia): The Secretary of Defence force, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the four service branches each have their own ZIP Code.[eighteen]

History [edit]

Background [edit]

Main Navy Building (foreground) and the Munitions Building were temporary structures built during World War I on the National Mall. The Section of War headquarters was in the Munitions Building for several years before moving into the Pentagon.

Earlier the Pentagon was built, the Usa Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building, a temporary structure erected during Earth War I forth Constitution Avenue on the National Mall. The War Department, which was a noncombatant agency created to administrate the U.S. Ground forces, was spread out in additional temporary buildings on the National Mall, every bit well every bit dozens of other buildings in Washington, D.C., Maryland and Virginia. In the late 1930s, during the Great Depression and federal construction program, a new War Section Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom but, upon completion, the new building did not solve the section'south space problem. It became the headquarters of the Department of Country.[19]

When Globe State of war Two bankrupt out in Europe in 1939, the War Section rapidly expanded to deal with current issues and in anticipation that the United States would be fatigued into the conflict. Secretary of State of war Henry L. Stimson institute the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded and section offices spread out in additional sites.[20] [21]

Stimson told U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space. On 17 July 1941, a congressional hearing took place, organized by Congressman Clifton Woodrum (D-VA), regarding proposals for new War Section buildings. Woodrum pressed Brigadier General Eugene Reybold, who was representing the State of war Department at the hearing, for an "overall solution" to the department'southward "space problem", rather than edifice withal more temporary buildings. Reybold agreed to report back to the congressman within five days. The War Department called upon its construction main, General Brehon Somervell, to come up with a programme.[22]

Planning [edit]

Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Part Edifice No 1, should be constructed across the Potomac River, in Arlington County, Virginia. Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than 4 stories tall, and that it use a minimal amount of steel to reserve that resource for war needs. The requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the edifice would exist sprawling over a large expanse. Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agriculture's Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, and the obsolete Hoover Field site.[23]

The site originally chosen was Arlington Farms, which had an asymmetric, roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned appropriately as an irregular pentagon.[24] Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D.C., from Arlington Cemetery, President Roosevelt ended upwards selecting the Hoover Drome site instead.[25] The building retained the pentagonal layout considering Roosevelt liked information technology and a major redesign at that stage would take been costly. Freed of the constraints of the Arlington Farms site, the building was modified equally a regular pentagon. It resembled star forts synthetic during the gunpowder age.[26]

On 28 July, Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War edifice in Arlington, which would house the entire department under ane roof.[27] President Roosevelt officially approved of the Hoover Airport site on ii September.[28] While the project went through the approving process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc. of Philadelphia, which had built Washington National Airport in Arlington, the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, and the National Naval Medical Middle in Bethesda, Maryland, along with Wise Contracting Company, Inc. and Doyle and Russell, both from Virginia.[29] In addition to the Hoover Airdrome site and other authorities-owned land, structure of the Pentagon required an boosted 287 acres (1.sixteen km2), which were acquired at a cost of $two.two million (equivalent to $30.three million in 2022[1]).[30] The Hell's Lesser neighborhood, consisting of numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, and other buildings around Columbia Pike, was cleared to make style for the Pentagon.[31] Later, 300 acres (one.two km2) of state were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres (1.one km2) for the Pentagon.[30]

Structure [edit]

The Pentagon (light blueish) compared to big ships and buildings:

Contracts totaling $31,100,000 (equivalent to $428 meg in 2022[1]) were finalized with McShain and the other contractors on xi September 1941, and ground was broken for the Pentagon the aforementioned day.[32] Amidst the design requirements, Somervell required the structural design to accommodate floor loads of up to 150 psi (1,000 kPa), which was done in case the edifice became a records storage facility at some time after the terminate of the current war.[28] A minimal amount of steel was used every bit it was in short supply during World War Two. Instead, the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete structure, using 680,000 tons of sand dredged from the Potomac River, and a lagoon was created below the Pentagon's river entrance.[33] To minimize steel usage, physical ramps were built rather than installing elevators.[34] [35] Indiana limestone was used for the building'due south façade.[36]

Architectural and structural design work for the Pentagon proceeded simultaneously with construction, with initial drawings provided in early October 1941, and most of the design work completed by ane June 1942. At times the construction work got ahead of the design, with different materials used than those specified in the plans. Pressure to speed up design and construction intensified subsequently the attack on Pearl Harbor on vii December 1941, with Somervell demanding that 1×10 ^ half-dozen sq ft (9.three ha) of space at the Pentagon be available for occupation past one April 1943.[37] David J. Witmer replaced Bergstrom as chief architect on 11 April after Bergstrom resigned. Unrelated to the Pentagon project, he was charged with improper conduct while having served as president of the American Institute of Architects.[38] Structure was completed fifteen January 1943.[39]

Soil conditions of the site – on the Potomac River floodplain – presented challenges, as did the varying elevations across the site, which ranged from ten to xl ft (3 to 12 m) above body of water level. Two retaining walls were congenital to recoup for the elevation variations, and bandage-in-place piles were used to deal with the soil weather condition.[40] Construction of the Pentagon was completed in approximately 16 months at a total cost of $83 meg (equivalent to $1.14 billion in 2022[1]). The building's estimate height is 77 ft (23 m), and each of the five sides is 921 ft (281 yard) in length.[ii]

The building was built wedge past wedge;[41] each wedge was occupied as before long as it was completed, even every bit structure continued on the remaining wedges.[42] [43]

The Pentagon was designed in accord with the racial segregation laws in force in the state of Virginia at the fourth dimension, with separate eating and lavatory accommodations for white and blackness persons. While the sets of lavatories were side past side, the dining areas for blacks were located in the basement.[44] [45] [15] When Roosevelt visited the facility earlier its dedication, he ordered removal of the "Whites Only" signs in segregated areas. When the Governor of Virginia protested, Roosevelt's assistants responded that the Pentagon, although on Virginia state, was under Federal jurisdiction. In addition, its military and civilian Federal employees were going to comply with the President's policies. Pentagon was the only building in Virginia where racial segregation laws were not enforced (they were not overturned until 1965). The side-by-side sets of restrooms withal be, only have been integrated in practice since the building was occupied.[45]

Hall of Heroes [edit]

The Hall of Heroes on the main concourse

On the building'due south main concourse is the Hall of Heroes, opened 1968[46] and dedicated to the more than 3,460 recipients of the Medal of Honor,[annotation 1] the United States' highest military ornament.[49] [l] [51] [52] [53] The three versions of the Medal of Laurels – Army, Sea Service (for the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard), and Air Force (for the Air Force and Infinite Strength) – are on display along with the names of recipients.[52]

The Hall is also used for promotions, retirements, and other ceremonies.[54] [55] [56] [57] [58]

Renovation [edit]

From 1998 to 2022, the Pentagon was completely gutted and reconstructed in phases to bring it upwards to modern standards and improve security and efficiency. Asbestos was removed and all office windows were sealed.[59]

As originally built, about Pentagon office space consisted of open bays which spanned an unabridged ring. These offices used cantankerous-ventilation from operable windows instead of air conditioning for cooling. Gradually, trophy were subdivided into private offices with many using window air conditioning units. With renovations now complete, the new space includes a render to open office bays, and a new Universal Space Plan of standardized role furniture and partitions adult by Studios Compages.[threescore]

Incidents [edit]

Protests [edit]

During the belatedly 1960s, the Pentagon became a focal bespeak for protests against the Vietnam War. A group of 2,500 women, organized by Women Strike for Peace, demonstrated outside Secretary of Defense Robert Due south. McNamara's part at the Pentagon on 15 February 1967.[61] In May 1967, a group of twenty demonstrators held a sit-in outside the Joint Chiefs of Staff's office, which lasted four days before they were arrested.[62] In one of the better known incidents, on 21 October 1967, some 35,000 anti-war protesters organized by the National Mobilization Commission to Stop the War in Vietnam, gathered for a demonstration at the Defense Section (the "March on the Pentagon"). They were confronted by some 2,500 armed soldiers. During the protestation, a famous picture was taken, where George Harris placed carnations into the soldiers' gun barrels.[63] The march concluded with an attempt to "exorcise" the building.[64]

On 19 May 1972, the Weather Undercover Organisation bombed a fourth-flooring women's restroom, in "retaliation" for the Nixon assistants's bombing of Hanoi in the final stages of the Vietnam State of war.[65]

On 17 March 2007, 4,000 to 15,000 people (estimates vary significantly) protested the Republic of iraq War[66] by marching from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon's north parking lot.[67]

xi September 2001 attacks [edit]

On 11 September 2001, coincidentally the 60th anniversary of the Pentagon'south groundbreaking, five al-Qaeda affiliated hijackers took control of American Airlines Flight 77, en route from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport, and deliberately crashed the Boeing 757 airliner into the western side of the Pentagon at nine:37 am EDT as part of the September 11 attacks. The impact of the plane severely damaged the outer ring of one wing of the building and acquired its partial collapse.[68] At the time of the attacks, the Pentagon was under renovation and many offices were unoccupied, resulting in fewer casualties. Only 800 of 4,500 people who would have been in the area were there because of the piece of work. Furthermore, the area hit, on the side of the Heliport façade, was the section best prepared for such an attack. The renovation in that location, improvements which resulted from the Oklahoma Urban center bombing, had nearly been completed.[69] [12] [70]

Information technology was the only surface area of the Pentagon with a sprinkler system, and it had been reconstructed with a spider web of steel columns and bars to withstand bomb blasts. The steel reinforcement, bolted together to form a continuous construction through all of the Pentagon's 5 floors, kept that section of the building from collapsing for xxx minutes—enough time for hundreds of people to clamber out to prophylactic. The surface area struck by the aeroplane also had blast-resistant windows—two inches (v cm) thick and 2,500 pounds (ane,100 kg) each—that stayed intact during the crash and fire. It had fire doors that opened automatically and newly built exits that immune people to become out.[70]

Security video of crash of Flight 77
(impact at 1:25).[71]

Contractors already involved with the renovation were given the added task of rebuilding the sections damaged in the attacks. This additional project was named the "Phoenix Projection" and was charged with having the outermost offices of the damaged section occupied by 11 September 2002.[72] [73] [74]

When the damaged section of the Pentagon was repaired, a small indoor memorial and chapel were added at the indicate of touch. For the 5th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, a memorial of 184 beams of low-cal shone upward from the center courtyard of the Pentagon, one calorie-free for each victim of the set on. In addition, an American flag is hung each year on the side of the Pentagon damaged in the attacks, and the side of the building is illuminated at night with blue lights. After the attacks, plans were developed for an outdoor memorial, with construction underway in 2006. This Pentagon Memorial consists of a park on two acres (8,100 thousandii) of land, containing 184 benches, one defended to each victim. The benches are aligned along the line of Flight 77 according to the victims' ages, from iii to 71. The park opened to the public on 11 September 2008.[75] [76] [77]

Gallery [edit]

  • View from northwest with structure underway, July 1942

  • Aftermath of ix-eleven attacks

  • nine/eleven anniversary illumination, 2007

Encounter besides [edit]

  • List of National Celebrated Landmarks in Virginia
  • National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia
  • The Octagon, headquarters of the Egyptian Ministry of Defense in the New Administrative Capital

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ the Congressional Medal of Honor Gild is and then designated because that was the proper noun it was given in an act of Congress that was signed into police by US President Dwight D. Eisenhower on v Baronial 1958 every bit Title 36, Affiliate 33 of the U.S. Code.[47] The police force authorizing the society has since been transferred to Title 36, Affiliate 405 of the U.Due south. Lawmaking.[48]

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

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  74. ^ "Pentagon History – September xi, 2001". Pentagon.osd.mil. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
  75. ^ "Pentagon Memorial". Archived from the original on 9 January 2009.
  76. ^ "Contractor Selected for the Pentagon Memorial" (Printing release). United States Department of Defense. six August 2003. 576-03. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006.
  77. ^ Wilgoren, Debbie; Miroff, Nick; Shulman, Robin (11 September 2008). "Pentagon Memorial Dedicated on seventh Anniversary of Attacks". The Washington Mail service. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2008.

Sources [edit]

  • Goldberg, Alfred (1992). The Pentagon: The Kickoff Fifty Years . Function of the Secretary of Defense / Government Printing Office. ISBN0-xvi-037979-2.
  • Vogel, Steve (2007). The Pentagon – A History: The Untold Story of the Wartime Race to Build the Pentagon and to Restore information technology Sixty Years Later. Random House. ISBN978-0-8129-7325-9.

External links [edit]

  • The Pentagon website (archived version)
  • Popular Mechanics, March 1943, "Regular army'southward Giant Five-by-Five" ane of earliest Earth War II articles on the Pentagon
  • Pentagon Force Protection Agency
  • How the Pentagon Got Its Shape – The Washington Post, 26 May 2007
  • U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Data Organisation: The Pentagon

How Much Did The Pentagon Repair Cost,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon

Posted by: nelsoncauseveras.blogspot.com

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